Fortune of Pandaria

Edit: check out Paste (thanks oscarucb) for major assistance in getting all these lines pasted into WoW without the need of copy/pasting every damned line.

Coordinates & somewhat helpful info to go with Azurfel's list:

Jade Forest
/way The Jade Forest 26.2 32.4 Ancient Pandaren Tea Pot (100g grey item, on table)
/way The Jade Forest 24.0 53.0 Chest of Supplies (10g, bottom of waterfall near overturned boat)
/way The Jade Forest 31.9 27.8 Lucky Pandaren Coin (95g grey item, in fountain)
/way The Jade Forest 46.0 81.0 Offering of Rememberance (30g, on shrine)
/way The Jade Forest 23.5 35.0 Pandaren Ritual Stone (100g grey item, in between 5 stones on island)
/way The Jade Forest 51.0 100.0 Ship's Locker (96g, swim south)
/way The Jade Forest 62.4 27.5 Stash of Gems (green-quality gems & 6g)

Valley of the Four Winds
/way Valley of the Four Winds 43.5 37.4 Cache of Pilfered Goods (98g, underground)
/way Valley of the Four Winds 92.1 39.1 Boat-Building Instructions (10g grey item, inside boathouse on table)

The Veiled Stair
/way The Veiled Stair 75.1 76.4 The Hammer of Folly (100g grey item)
/way The Veiled Stair 68.1 79.0 The Hammer of Folly start path
/way The Veiled Stair 54.5 71.9 Forgotten Lockbox (10g, second floor of inn)

Krasarang
/way Valley of the Four Winds 75.1 55.1 Saurok Stone Tablet (100g grey item)
/way Krasarang Wilds 71.0 9.0 Saurok Stone Tablet entrance
/way Krasarang Wilds 52.0 73.0 Stack of Papers (15g grey item)

Kun-Lai
/way Kun-Lai Summit 64.2 45.1 Ancient Mogu Tablet (95g grey item, in room with Lost Souls)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 63.9 49.8 Ancient Mogu Tablet entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 49.0 59.0 Hozen Treasure Cache (gold only, next to 6 containers)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 36.7 79.7 Lost Adventurer's Belongings (gold only, inside tent)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 47.9 73.3 Mo-Mo's Treasure Chest (11g, small chest behind Mo-Mo)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 52.6 51.5 Rikkitik's Tick Remover (105g grey item + 50g)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 52.3 51.0 Rikkitik's Tick Remover entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 72.0 33.9 Statue of Xuen (100g grey item, at bottom of lake)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 56.7 48.9 Stolen Sprite Treasure (gold only, back of cave)
/way Kun-Lai Summit 59.0 50.0 Stolen Sprite Treasure entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 57.8 76.3 Terracotta Head (100g grey item, around this area, statue head on the ground)

Townlong Steppes
/way Townlong Steppes 62.8 34.1 Abandoned Crate of Goods (gold only, inside tent with 2 containers)
/way Townlong Steppes 65.8 86.1 Amber Encased Moth (105g grey item, to the right of the tree root)
/way Townlong Steppes 34.8 63.1 Fragment of Dread (90g grey item)
/way Townlong Steppes 32.8 61.6 Fragment of Dread entrance
No real way to point it out - Hardened Sap of Kri'vess (110g grey item; tiny orange blob found around Kri'vess)

Enjoy. I'll post this to the other parts as well.

A given character can only obtain each treasure once, as after you have received credit for looting a treasure, you are unable to see that treasure when it spawns again (barring changes to the system in 5.1 of course).

It is possible to track which treasures a character has credit for by querying the server as to the completion status of the "FLAG - (treasure name)" quests using the command '/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(xxxxx))', where xxxxx is the quest number of the associated FLAG quest.

I am reasonably certain that the treasures and quests line up as follows:

----------------------------Jade Forest-----------------------------

[item=85780] [quest=31400]
[object=214339] [quest=31864]
[item=85781] [quest=31401]
[object=214338] [quest=31865]
[item=86216] [quest=31404]
[object=213362] [quest=31396]
[object=214337] [quest=31866]

----------------------Valley of the Four Winds----------------------

[item=87524] [quest=31869]
[object=213650] [quest=31405]

----------------------------Veiled Stair----------------------------

[object=214325] [quest=31867]
[item=86473] [quest=31428]

--------------------------Krasarang Wilds---------------------------

[item=86220] [quest=31408]
[item=87798] [quest=31863]

---------------------------Kun-Lai Summit---------------------------

[item=86471] [quest=31420]
[object=213769] [quest=31414]
[object=213774] [quest=31418]
[object=214407] [quest=31868]
[item=86430] [quest=31419]
[item=86422] [quest=31416]
[object=213770] [quest=31415]
[item=86427] [quest=31422]

--------------------------Townlong Steppes--------------------------

[object=213961] [quest=31427]
[item=86472] [quest=31426]
[item=86516] [quest=31423]
[item=86517] [quest=31424]

----------------------(Other FLAGs with a non-obvious function) -----------------------
[object=214175] [quest=31466] This FLAG is a hidden daily which prevents players from looting the Wu Kao Supplies more than once per day.

------------------------------Unknown-------------------------------
[item=88669] [quest=31665] (This unavailable item and it's associated flag are likely unrelated to relics/treasures)

For a list of the Relic:FLAG associations, see here.

Remade mstieler's comment to macro friendly version:

Jade Forest 1
/way The Jade Forest 26.2 32.4 Ancient Pandaren Tea Pot
/way The Jade Forest 24.0 53.0 Chest of Supplies
/way The Jade Forest 31.9 27.8 Lucky Pandaren Coin
/way The Jade Forest 46.0 81.0 Offering of Rememberance
Jade Forest 2
/way The Jade Forest 23.5 35.0 Pandaren Ritual Stone
/way The Jade Forest 51.0 100.0 Ship's Locker
/way The Jade Forest 62.4 27.5 Stash of Gems
Valley of the Four Winds
/way Valley of the Four Winds 43.5 37.4 Cache of Pilfered Goods
/way Valley of the Four Winds 92.1 39.1 Boat-Building Instructions
/way Valley of the Four Winds 23.79 28.41 Virmen Treasure Cache
The Veiled Stair
/way The Veiled Stair 75.1 76.4 The Hammer of Folly
/way The Veiled Stair 68.1 79.0 The Hammer of Folly start path
/way The Veiled Stair 54.5 71.9 Forgotten Lockbox
Krasarang
/way Valley of the Four Winds 75.1 55.1 Saurok Stone Tablet
/way Krasarang Wilds 71.0 9.0 Saurok Stone Tablet entrance
/way Krasarang Wilds 52.0 73.0 Stack of Papers
Kun-Lai 1
/way Kun-Lai Summit 64.2 45.1 Ancient Mogu Tablet
/way Kun-Lai Summit 63.9 49.8 Ancient Mogu Tablet entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 49.0 59.0 Hozen Treasure Cache
/way Kun-Lai Summit 36.7 79.7 Lost Adventurer's Belongings
Kun-Lai 2
/way Kun-Lai Summit 47.97 73.32 Mo-Mo's Treasure Chest
/way Kun-Lai Summit 52.6 51.5 Rikkitik's Tick Remover
/way Kun-Lai Summit 52.3 51.0 Rikkitik's Tick Remover entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 72.0 33.9 Statue of Xuen
Kun-Lai 3
/way Kun-Lai Summit 56.7 48.9 Stolen Sprite Treasure
/way Kun-Lai Summit 59.0 50.0 Stolen Sprite Treasure entrance
/way Kun-Lai Summit 57.8 76.3 Terracotta Head
Townlong Steppes
/way Townlong Steppes 62.8 34.1 Abandoned Crate of Goods
/way Townlong Steppes 65.8 86.1 Amber Encased Moth
/way Townlong Steppes 34.8 63.1 Fragment of Dread
/way Townlong Steppes 32.8 61.6 Fragment of Dread entrance

For those wondering what they lack (1 means you got it, nil means you don't):

Ancient Pandaran Tea Pot
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31400))
Chest of Supplies
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31864))
Lucky Pandaran Coin
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31401))

Offering of Rememberance
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31865))
Pandaran Ritual Stone
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31404))
Ship's Locker
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31396))

Stash of Gems
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31866))
Boat-Building Instructions
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31869))
Virmen Treasure Cache
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31405))

Forgotten Lockbox
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31867))
The Hammer of Folly
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31428))
Saurok Stone Tablet
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31408))

Stack of Papers
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31863))
Ancient Mogu Tablet
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31420))
Hozen Treasure Cache
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31414))

Lost Adventurer's Belongings
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31418))
Mo-Mo's Treasure Chest
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31868))
Rikktik's Tick Remover
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31419))

Statue of Xuen
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31416))
Stolen Sprite Treasure
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31415))
Terracotta Head
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31422))

Abandoned Crate of Goods
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31427))
Amber Encased Moth
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31426))
Fragment of Dread
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31423))

Hardened Sap of Kri'vess
/run print(IsQuestFlaggedCompleted(31424))